Since about 2000, the world has been in a period that mixes some aspects of modern life and a much more substantial attenuation of others and features weakening states, fragmenting societies, imbalanced economies, pervasive threats, and the informalization of warfare. This report examines how the U.S.-China rivalry might unfold in this neomedieval era. Many theories about why and how great powers compete will need to be reconsidered.

U.S.-China Rivalry in a Neomedieval World

Security in an Age of Weakening States

Timothy R. Heath, Weilong Kong, Alexis Dale-Huang

ResearchPublished Jun 6, 2023

This report examines how U.S.-China rivalry might unfold under conditions characterized by a blend of some aspects of modern life with a much more substantial attenuation or regression of other aspects, a condition the authors label neomedievalism.

The report outlines key trends that collectively suggest that the future of the U.S.-China rivalry will bear little resemblance to the titanic struggles of the past two centuries. U.S.-China peacetime competition appears headed to unfold under conditions featuring a high degree of international disorder, decaying state capacity, pervasive and acute domestic challenges, and severe constraints imposed by economic and social factors that are vastly different from those industrial nation-states experienced in the 19th and 20th centuries. These trends interact with and compound the effects of one another and are unlikely to be reversed. The net effect will be to considerably weaken virtually all states, including the United States and China. At the same time, severe resource constraints and a nearly overwhelming array of threats will stress the U.S. and China militaries and impair their ability to contend with one another. Many theories and ideas of why and how great powers compete may need to be reconsidered.

Key Findings

The characteristic conditions of neomedievalism are already evident

  • Politically, the centralized nation-state is in steep decline, spurring severe political crises in many countries.
  • Economically, growth has slowed and become imbalanced, leading to the return of entrenched inequalities and expansion of illicit economies.
  • Nonstate threats, including pandemics, banditry, and ecological and natural disasters, could outpace rival militaries as security concerns.
  • Preindustrial aspects of warfare have reemerged, including the prevalence of siege warfare, irregular and protracted conflict, the privatization of warfare, and the prominence of intrastate conflict.

The realities of state weakness and societal fragmentation should become central considerations in all defense work

  • Coping with domestic and transnational threats and deterrence of attacks that threaten political legitimacy should have a priority equal to or higher than deterrence of conventional military attack.
  • The conservation of military resources and the avoidance of major war will become critical to national success.

The goal and logic of warfare could change accordingly

  • As the pursuit of total victory over flashpoints, such as Taiwan, becomes infeasible, targeting the fragile political legitimacy of the rival could become more attractive as a direct way of gaining leverage in negotiations on proximate disputes.
  • A perpetually tenuous level of popular support for the government will likely deepen the military's dependence on mercenaries, unmanned systems, and coalition partners for combat operations.

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Document Details

  • Copyright: RAND Corporation
  • Availability: Available
  • Year: 2023
  • Print Format: Paperback
  • Paperback Pages: 218
  • Paperback Price: $34.00
  • Paperback ISBN/EAN: 978-1-9774-1097-9
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/RRA1887-1
  • Document Number: RR-A1887-1

Citation

RAND Style Manual

Heath, Timothy R., Weilong Kong, and Alexis Dale-Huang, U.S.-China Rivalry in a Neomedieval World: Security in an Age of Weakening States, RAND Corporation, RR-A1887-1, 2023. As of April 30, 2025: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1887-1.html

Chicago Manual of Style

Heath, Timothy R., Weilong Kong, and Alexis Dale-Huang, U.S.-China Rivalry in a Neomedieval World: Security in an Age of Weakening States. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2023. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1887-1.html. Also available in print form.
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This research was sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Defense Research Institute (NDRI).

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